Moses
Moses – The Leader
A Biblical perspective
INTRODUCTION:
1. The History of Moses in the Bible
1.1 Birth
1.2 Call of Moses
1.3 The Exodus
1.4. Receiving of Law
1.5. The Death of Moses
2 Important characteristics or traits and behavior of Moses
2.1 He was not alone
2.2 Moses is allowed to see the Manifest Presence of God
2.3. Standing in the Gap
3. The modern theories of leadership.
3.1The transactional leadership
3.2 Transformational leadership
3.3 Transcendental leadership
3.4 Autocratic Leadership
3.5 Democratic Leadership
3.6 Free Rein Leadership (Laissez-Faire)
3.7 Visionary Leadership
3.8 Servant Leadership
4. Learning points for the church today.
4.1 Faith – (Heb 11:24)
4.2 Fidelity – (Heb 11:25)
4.3 Foresight – (Heb 11:26)
4.4 Firmness – (Heb 11:27)
4.5 Fulfillment – (Heb 11:28)
4.6 Freedom – (Heb 11:29)
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION:
One of the most outstanding examples of leadership in the Bible is the example of Moses. Moses is remembered as the liberator, the leader, the law-giver, the prophet, and the intermediary in the covenant between God and the Jewish people.[1]It is important to note that he learned leadership principles and faith from his parents (Hebrew 11:23) and he learned leadership principles and organization from his father-in-law, Jethro (Exodus 18:13-27). In this paper I would bring Moses as a leader and his leadership behaviors. Also the various leadership types are discussed and the important characteristics of Moses’ leadership that would help the today’s church are discussed in reference to letter to Hebrew Chapter 11.
1. The History of Moses in the Bible
The birth and life of Moses describes the protective hand of God over the one who is to be the deliverer of the children of Israel from Egypt. God’s hand of providence is seen throughout this story. Just when it seems the darkest for the Israelites, God is already working out the way to bring them deliverance. The life history of Moses can be studied in five phases. They are, Birth (Ex.2:1-10), Call (Ex.3:1-22), Exodus (Ex.14:15-31), Receiving the Law (Ex.34:27-35), and Death (Deut 34:1-12)
1.1 Birth
In Exodus the Bible condenses two thirds of the life of Moses from birth to age 80 all in the book of Exodus chapter 2.[2] Exodus 2:1 identifies his parents being from the house of Levi, so the destiny of Moses as a priest and great prophet is established early. The father of Moses is, Amram. The Name means high people, he died at age of 137, same as the age of Levi at his death. (Exodus 6:16). He Married Jochebed. The name Jochebed means glory to Jehovah. Jochebed and Amram had three known children: Miriam, Aaron and Moses.[3]
Moses’ story begins with his preservation as a child in the reeds by the river Nile. Moses was brought up in Pharaoh’s court in Egypt. As an adult Moses was angered by the oppression of the Hebrew people. Seeing an Egyptian task master beating a Hebrew, Moses killed the Egyptian and fled to Midian.
1.2 Call of Moses
While Moses was a shepherd in Midian, God spoke from a burning bush and called him. His task was to go back to Egypt to bring about the deliverance of God’s people, Israel. God also disclosed that the divine name was “I Am.” When Moses hesitated, God told him that his brother Aaron could be his spokesman. In the longer structure, exemplified in the Moses narrative, there is incorporated a standardized reluctance or opposition to the commission, answered by God’s reassurance to the person of his active presence to enable them to carry out the commission. While it has been common practice to try to psychologies this reluctance or objections, this feature is more an expression of the community’s theology than it is a character flaw or human frailty. While the previous structure focused on God, here the confession of inadequacy that forms the heart of the objection serves to focus on the inability of the human agent to accomplish the commission. In response, the assurance in the formulaic “I will be with you” emphasizes the commitment of God to the human agent in spite of his inability or reluctance to accomplish the task.[4]
1.3 The Exodus
The English title “Exodus” is a transliteration of the Greek word ‘exodos’ from the Septuagint translation meaning “exit,” “way out,” or “departure.” The Septuagint translators gave the book this title because of the major event in it, namely, the Israelites’ departure from Egypt. “The exodus is the most significant historical and theological event of the Old Testament . . .”[5] The Israelite Exodus from Egypt, recounted in the Bible, tells of the oppression of the Israelites as slaves in Egypt, their flight from the country led by Moses and their journey through the wilderness before eventually settling in the “Promised Land”.[6] The Exodus marked “the beginning of the Hebrews as a Nation”.[7] The plagues, the crossing of the Red Sea, the gifts of manna, quails, and water in the desert were signs that God was leading his people.
1.4. Receiving of Law
From the Red Sea the Hebrews continued to travel through the desert. They stopped at Mt. Sinai (Sinai and Horeb are the two peaks of one and the same mountain). Here Moses went up the mountain, where the Lord said to him, “Tell this to the sons of Israel, ‘If you will hear My voice, you will be My people.’”[8] When Moses came down from the mountain he told the people of God’s will. The Hebrews replied, “We will be obedient and do everything the Lord said.”[9]
The Lord commanded Moses to prepare the people for the third day when God’s Law would be made known. The Hebrews prepared themselves for the day by prayer and fasting. On the third day, which was the fiftieth day from the Jewish Passover, that is, from the exodus of the people of Israel from Egypt, a thick cloud covered the top of Mt. Sinai. Lightning flashed, thunder resounded, and a loud blaring sound rang out. Smoke rose from the mountain, and the whole mountain violently shook. Amidst these awesome signs of His presence, the Lord delivered His laws in the form of Ten Commandments. At God’s command, Moses went up the mountain and stayed there forty days and forty nights without any food. God gave him two tablets or stone slabs, on which were written the Ten Commandments. In addition, the Lord gave Moses other church and civil laws. He also commanded him to build a tabernacle, a transportable temple of God. [10]
1.5. The Death of Moses
Moses died in the land of Moab before the children of Israel crossed the Jordan River to go in to possess the land. Moses was buried by the Lord and the place of his burial was kept secret from all men. As we see, the Bible is very clear that Moses was buried.[11]After his death of Moses, his body became the focus of a battle between Michael the archangel and the devil. Though we are not told when this occurred, it is probably at the time of his burial. This because of the verse above those points out that no man knew where he was buried. Something was going on for God to bury him (which is unusual in itself) and for God to keep the place of his burial secret. It is said that his hidden burial explained as needed so that the Israelites would not worship his burial place.[12]
At some point, Moses must have been resurrected and taken to heaven. This is because of his appearance with Elijah and Christ on the Mount of Transfiguration. It would be strange to have Elijah who was taken up to heaven with Moses who was still dead appearing together with Christ. Since we know Moses died and was buried, his appearance here points to a resurrection, though no scripture directly speaks of his resurrection.[13] The scripture says, “And was transfigured before them: and his face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was white as the light. And, behold, there appeared unto them Moses and Elias talking with him.” (Mt. 17:2-3)
2. Important characteristics or traits and behavior style of Moses
Events that occur in a person’s life shape their characteristics, including their leadership. Although we don’t have many events of Moses’ life to draw from, we can look at Exodus 2 to pull out any pertaining information. Similar to the thoughts of Visotzky, we assume that the storyteller of Exodus judges these details “relevant to Moses’ growth as the future leader of Israel”.[14] Moses has an odd childhood. He is born as part of Israel in the house of Levi, and gets brought into the Pharaoh’s home at an early age. Moses becomes Pharaoh’s daughter’s son, but is also is an Israelite. This event gives Moses an ability to view and judge both the Hebrews and the Egyptians. Moses obtains a duel identity.
2.1 He was not alone
Moses was always accompanied by the human companions. Miriam is his protective sister who was a leader of the women’s group in the flight from Egypt. Aaron is the brother of Moses and second-in-command on the initial segment of the flight Pharaoh, who refused to let the Hebrews go from Egypt, and suffered the consequences. Joshua is the military leader who led the final part of the trek into the Promised Land.[15]
2.2 Moses is allowed to see the Manifest Presence of God
In this next meeting with God, God tells Moses that He is going to literally show Himself to Moses. However, God tells Moses: “You cannot see My face; for no man shall see Me, and live.”[16]
God then tells Moses to stand in the cleft of a rock. He will then proceed to pass by Moses, but only showing Moses His back, not His face. Here are the exact words from God Himself: “Here is a place by Me, and you shall stand on the rock. So it shall be, while My glory passes by, that I will put you in the cleft of the rock, and I will cover you with My hand while I pass by. Then I will take away My hand, and you shall see My back; but My face shall not be seen.”[17]
This has to be the topper experience for Moses. With everything that he has just witnessed – with God releasing His people from Egypt with incredible displays of supernatural power, being able to talk direct with God through a burning bush, being able to talk direct to God through fire and smoke up on Mount Sinai, and then to top it all off, God actually allows Moses to see His manifest presence from His backside. It just can’t get any better than this. And this one man experiences all of this in one lifetime. The Bible then gives Moses the highest compliment that God could ever give to anyone. The Bible says: “So the Lord spoke to Moses face to face, as a man speaks to his friend.” [18]
The first thing that God wants from each of us is a close, intimate, personal relationship. Moses obviously accomplished all of this in his lifetime. He may have initially been afraid to deliver God’s people from Egypt when God first called him out, but he had no fear when the time came to meet God face-to-face and talk directly with Him. The Bible says that the rest of the Israelites were too afraid of God when He initially manifested His presence up on Mount Sinai.
After Moses has this incredible direct encounter with God Himself, the Bible says that when he came back down off the mountain – that the skin of his face shone. The people were afraid to come near him due to the bright glow that was coming off his face after being in the manifest presence of the Lord. Moses then had to wear a veil over his face for a while to help hide the glow so as not to overwhelm the rest of his people.[19]
2.3. Standing in the Gap
Moses personally did one of the most amazing things in all of the Old Testament – he got God to change His mind. When Moses was up on Mount Sinai for 40 days and 40 nights with God the Father getting the 10 commandments and many of the other basic laws and commandments that God was wanting His people to live by, the Israelites were down at the bottom of the mountain making a false idol by way of a golden calf.
When God sees this, He becomes so furious that He literally wants to consume the Israelites right there on the spot. However, when Moses sees how mad God is getting and what He is wanting to do to these people, Moses immediately “steps into the gap” for his people and begins trying to reason and plead with God as to why He should change His mind and not kill them.[20] Here is the verse that tells you word-for-word what Moses said to God to get Him to change His mind: “Then Moses pleaded with the Lord his God, and said: “Lord, why does Your wrath burn hot against Your people whom you have brought out of the land of Egypt with great power and with a mighty hand? Why should the Egyptians speak, and say, “He brought them out to harm them, to kill them in the mountains, and to consume them from the face of the earth?’Turn from Your fierce wrath, and relent from this harm to Your people. Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, Your servants, to whom You swore by Your own self, and said to them, ‘I will multiply your descendants as the stars of heaven; and all this land that I have spoken of I give to your descendants, and they shall inherit it forever.” “So the Lord relented from the harm which He said He would do to His people.” [21]
This part of Moses’ story shows the power of intercessory prayer and what prayer can accomplish if God is properly approached. God can be moved to answer prayer, especially prayers that come from the heart. Standing in the gap means one personally stands in the gap for someone else.
Sometimes people may be too weak to pray for themselves. Other times some people are either not saved or they have no real personal relationship established with God and are not confident enough to get God to answer their personal prayers. There could be many different reasons as to why one would have to stand in the gap for someone else and go to God and ask Him to do something specific for that other person.[22]
Moses gives a perfect example on how to step into the gap to intercede for someone else. If Moses can do this, so can any other Christian who has established a good, working relationship with the Lord. This type of prayer can save lives, transform lives, and alter the course of natural events. There are other Scripture verses that say we can approach God to reason with Him, to state our case before Him. This means God can be talked to, reasoned with, pleaded with, and sometimes persuaded to change His mind on something. Moses is a very good role model and example on how to go into intercessory prayer with God the Father for someone else.
3. The modern theories of leadership.
At the heart of the problem of defining leadership lie two fundamental difficulties. Firstly, like notions such as ‘love’, ‘freedom’ and ‘happiness’, leadership is a complex construct open to subjective interpretation. Everyone has their own intuitive understanding of what leadership is, based on a mixture of experience and learning, which is difficult to capture in a succinct definition. Secondly, the way in which leadership is defined and understood is strongly influenced by one’s theoretical stance. There are those who view leadership as the consequence of a set of traits or characteristics possessed by ‘leaders’, whilst others view leadership as a social process that emerges from group relationships. Such divergent views will always result in a difference of opinion about the nature of leadership.[23]
There are a number of theories of leadership however a simple definition of leadership is that: leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a common goal. The art of influencing others to achieve their maximum performance, and to accomplish any task or objective. Notice the term “Art ”rather than science.
3.1The transactional leadership
The transactional leader (Burns, 1978) is given power to perform certain tasks and reward or punish for the team’s performance. It gives the opportunity to the manager to lead the group and the group agrees to follow his lead to accomplish a predetermined goal in exchange for something else. Power is given to the leader to evaluate, correct and train subordinates when productivity is not up to the desired level and reward effectiveness when expected outcome is reached.
3.2 Transformational leadership
The transformational leader (Burns, 1978) motivates its team to be effective and efficient.[24] Transformational leadership is a process in which the leaders take actions to try to increase their associates’ awareness of what is right and important, to raise their associates’ motivational maturity and to move their associates to go beyond the associates’ own self-interests for the good of the group, the organization, or society. Such leaders provide their associates with a sense of purpose that goes beyond a simple exchange of rewards for effort provided. The transformational leaders are proactive in many different and unique ways. These leaders attempt to optimize development, not just performance. Development encompasses the maturation of ability, motivation, attitudes, and values. Such leaders want to elevate the maturity level of the needs of their associates (from security needs to needs for achievement and self-development). They convince their associates to strive for a higher level of achievement as well as higher levels of moral and ethical standards. Through the development of their associates, they optimize the development of their organization as well. High performing associates build high performing organizations.
Communication is the base for goal achievement focusing the group on the final desired outcome or goal attainment. This leader is highly visible and uses chain of command to get the job done. Transformational leaders focus on the big picture, needing to be surrounded by people who take care of the details. The leader is always looking for ideas that move the organization to reach the company’s vision.[25]
3.3 Transcendental leadership
Leadership can be portrayed as a spiritual relational process in the postmodern spiritual workplace Transcendental leadership uses values, attitudes, and behaviors (altruistic love, hope/faith, vision) to intrinsically motivate followers, thus increase followers’ senses of spiritual survival, i.e., calling (life has meaning, make a difference) and membership (interconnection , be understood, be appreciated), and the resulting positive organizational outcomes. Transcendental leadership taps into the fundamental needs of both leader and follower for spiritual survival and aims to improve the spiritual development of both the leader and followers. Without desire to manipulate others, transcendental leaders addresses the weakness of transformational/charismatic leadership by providing the motives behind a leader’s practices, that is, altruistic love, a sense of wholeness, harmony and well-being produced through care, concern, appreciation of both self and others, and authentic selfless concern for people, and thus help followers feel powerful and enabled to make decisions, accomplish work, and lead on their own In addition, transcendental leadership is a “visioning process”, an “ethical process that reflects requirements for legitimacy for both leader influence and follower empowerment to facilitate value congruence. Therefore, transcendental leadership is both follower centered and leader-centered process.[26]
3.4 Autocratic Leadership
The leader takes the decisions and announces them, expecting subordinates to carry them out without question (the Telling style)[27]. Under the autocratic leadership style, all decision-making powers are centralized in the leader, as with dictator leaders.
They do not entertain any suggestions or initiatives from subordinates. The autocratic management has been successful as it provides strong motivation to the manager. It permits quick decision-making, as only one person decides for the whole group and keeps each decision to himself until he feels it is needed to be shared with the rest of the group. This style is not uncommon but is highly situation dependant and is found in other theories of leadership like Situational Leadership.[28]
3.5 Democratic Leadership
Using this style the leader would characteristically lay the problem before his or her subordinates and invite discussion. The leader’s role is that of conference leader, or chair, rather than that of decision taker. He or she will allow the decision to emerge out of the process of group discussion, instead of imposing it on the group as its boss (the Joining style).[29] The democratic leadership style favors decision-making by the group. The leader gives instruction only after consulting the group.
They can win the cooperation of their group and can motivate them effectively and positively. The decisions of the democratic leader are not unilateral as with the autocrat because they arise from consultation with the group members and participation by them. See Bass’s theory of leadership and the style consultative leadership.
3.6 Free Rein Leadership (Laissez-Faire)
The phrase is French and literally means “let do”, but, in a leadership context, can be roughly translated as “free rein”. A free rein leader does not lead, but leaves the group entirely to itself as shown; such a leader allows maximum freedom to subordinates, i.e., they are given a free hand in deciding their own policies and methods.[30]
Different situations call for different leadership styles. In an emergency when there is little time to converge on an agreement and where a designated authority has significantly more experience or expertise than the rest of the team, an autocratic leadership style may be most effective; however, in a highly motivated and aligned team with a homogeneous level of expertise, a more democratic or laissez-faire style may be more effective. The style adopted should be the one that most effectively achieves the objectives of the group while balancing the interests of its individual members.[31]
3.7 Visionary Leadership
Visionary Leadership is leadership with a vision. George Bernard Shaw once said, “You see things; and you say, ‘Why?’ But I dream things that never were; and I say, “Why not?””[32]. These leaders have a way of visualizing what the future could be and sharing that vision with their team. People like them have a great talent of seeing the potential in every situation. They don’t see what things are, but what things could be.
Vision sharing is effective and yields results. It is the most powerful form of leadership in gaining commitment from the team. When people see that by working together, they can create a more ideal future, they will give more of themselves in achieving the cause. You win their hearts. This is not something you can gain from a person by pay and salary alone.[33]
3.8 Servant Leadership
The notion of “Servant Leadership” emphasizes the leaders’ duty to serve his/her followers – leadership thus arises out of a desire to serve rather than a desire to lead Robert Green leaf, founder of the Center for Servant Leadership describes it as follows:
“The servant-leader is servant first… It begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve, to serve first. Then conscious choice brings one to aspire to lead. He or she is sharply different from the person who is leader first, perhaps because of the need to assuage an unusual power drive or to acquire material possessions. For such it will be a later choice to serve – after leadership is established. The leader-first and the servant-first are two extreme types. Between them there are shadings and blends that are part of the infinite variety of human nature.” [34]
The difference manifest itself in the care taken by the servant-first to make sure that other people’s highest priority needs are being served. The best test, and difficult to administer , is to do those served grow as persons; do they, while being served, become healthier, wiser, freer, more autonomous, more likely themselves to become servants? And, what is the effect on the least privileged in society; will they benefit, or, at least, will they not be further deprived?[35] The emphasis on serving a higher purpose has made this model popular within the Church and other religious institutions.
To determine the appropriate leadership style to use in a given situation, the leader must first determine the maturity level of the followers in relation to the specific task that the leader is attempting to accomplish through the effort of the followers. As the level of followers’ maturity increases, the leader should begin to reduce his or her task behaviour and increase relationship behaviour until the followers reach a moderate level of maturity. As the followers begin to move into an above average level of maturity, the leader should decrease not only task behaviour but also relationship behaviour. Once the maturity level is identified, the appropriate leadership style can be determined.[36]
4. Learning points for the church today.
Part of the difficulty in demonstrating the impact of leadership on performance is the manner in which a multitude of factors interact. Traditional management and HRM (Human Resource Management) practices relating to planning, organizing and controlling resources (both material and human) are closely associated with leadership practices of setting direction, aligning people – and motivating and inspiring them. Furthermore, ‘performance’, however conceived, is impacted by a host of factors other than leadership. For these reasons, when assessing the impact of leadership and leadership development it is beneficial to take a more holistic, multidisciplinary perspective. [37]
4.1 Faith – (Heb 11:24)
By faith Moses, when he was come to years, refused to be called the son of Pharaoh’s daughter. What an amazing story of faith. Moses, as we know, was by faith sent down the river and picked up by Pharaoh’s daughter and taken in as her own. However, he was really raised by his own parents in a baby-sitting role. But when Moses came of age, he chose God and his own people over the house of Pharaoh and certain fame and wealth. That took faith in God but that’s what we must have to be a great leader for God. Now faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.[38] We need some people of genuine faith in Christian leadership today.[39]
4.2 Fidelity – (Heb 11:25)
Choosing rather to suffer affliction with the people of God, than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season.[40] Integrity is moral and ethical soundness. In the physical realm it is an unreduced or unbroken completeness or totality. Too many people in leadership positions really don’t qualify for leadership because they are broken in the area of morality and ethics. They are broken in the area of their relationship with God and it shows in their relationships with man. We need more people with integrity in Christian leadership today.[41]
4.3 Foresight – (Heb 11:26)
Esteeming the reproach of Christ greater riches than the treasures in Egypt: for he had respect unto the recompense of the reward. Moses saw the big picture not just the problems at hand. He saw God’s big picture. Too many get caught up in the little picture…man’s picture. God’s big picture is bigger than man’s picture, no matter how good man’s picture is. Christ’s riches are greater than Pharaoh’s riches even if the path to Christ’s riches leads us through suffering. It’s still worth it to follow Christ.[42] We must have a vision that sees more than the problems but also sees the possibilities because of the power of God. This is the vision we must share with those God gives us to lead.
4.4 Firmness – (Heb 11:27)
By faith he forsook Egypt, not fearing the wrath of the king: for he endured, as seeing him who is invisible. Decisions must be made even if they involve fear and risk. Moses made the decision to forsake Egypt (Israel’s security) and leave for the Promised Land (God’s security). But getting from man’s security blankets to God’s real security inevitably takes us through the wilderness which tests our faith in God. And it takes real Spiritual leaders to lead the way even in the face of opposition.[43]
4.5 Fulfillment – (Heb 11:28)
Through faith he kept the passover, and the sprinkling of blood, lest he that destroyed the firstborn should touch them. Now it is one thing to decide and another thing to do. When Moses was negotiating Israel’s release from Egypt with Pharaoh, he pronounced the plagues one by one to Egypt. When it came to the passover, Moses led Israel to be obedient to the observance even in a strange land because it was right. It was a picture of the covering and redemption provided by the shed blood of Christ on the cross. That sprinkling of blood saved believing Israel and condemned unbelieving Egypt.[44] It is the same today. We need Spiritual leaders to lead us in obedience to Christ.
4.6 Freedom – (Heb 11:29)
By faith they passed through the Red sea as by dry land: which the Egyptians attempting to do were drowned. When God says move, it’s time to move. It is the responsibility of Spiritual leaders to lead God’s people through the Red Sea’s of life. The sea is in front of us; the mountains are on either side of us; and the enemy is closing in behind us. God says He will open up the sea and give us dry passage to the other side.[45] It is time to move out and real leaders with the leadership characteristics of Moses will lead God’s people to the other side.
CONCLUSION
Moses’ life serves as a model for us on many levels, not just about leadership. We tend to pick and choose certain figures to bring our certain points or lessons for life. We must keep in mind that the Bible is not just a storybook, with lots of little plays and vignettes to tickle our fancies. The Bible is one story, held together by one message-redemption.[46] It is no wonder that most Jews and Christians and other religions alike consider Moses one of the most able leaders of all time. He was a great Spiritual leader who embodied the great leadership characteristics listed in the Bible and that describe not only Moses but every other great leader who followed God, including David, Nehemiah, and the Apostle Paul, to name just a few.[47]
And of course, the leadership characteristics of Christ overshadow all of them. “Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with patience the race that is set before us. Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith; who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God. For consider him that endured such contradiction of sinners against himself, lest ye be wearied and faint in your minds.”[48]
In conclusion, Moses is the patriarch of administrative leadership and is by far the best biblical model for this arena. Even in his times of weakness, Moses, through his obedience and loyalty to God, became one of the greatest people management leaders. Even in times of great conflict, God gifted Moses with the wisdom and ability to effectively apply proper conflict resolution not only through himself but also by a means of appropriate delegation.[49] Through his biblical example of teaching and exhortation, leaders of today have to learn to apply these same leadership principles as they relate to situations of conflict today in an attempt to afford a peaceful resolution.
[5] Eugene H. Merrill, “Kingdom of Priests”, Baker Academic, Grand Rapids MI 49516-6287, USA, 2008 p. 57.
[8] Exodus 19:5
[9] Exodus 19:8
[14] Visotzky, Burton., “The Fugitive” from The Road to Redemption, Crown Publishing Group Trowbridge Drive, Suite 5, Bethel, CT 06801, USA., 1998. , Pp. 55-65
[23] Richard Bolden, “What is Leadership?”- Leadership South West Research Report 1, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4ST, United Kingdom, July 2004, p. 4
[25] Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturano, A. and Dennison, P., “A Review of Leadership Theory and Competency Frameworks”, University of Exeter, Crossmead, Barley Lane, Dunsford Hill, Exeter EX4 1TF, United Kingdom, June 2003, p.10
[26] Caroline H. Liu, “Leading the Future of the Public Sector: The Third Transatlantic Dialogue”, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA May 31–June 2, 2007, P.5
[27] Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturano, A. and Dennison, P., “A Review of Leadership Theory and Competency Frameworks”, University of Exeter, Crossmead, Barley Lane, Dunsford Hill, Exeter EX4 1TF, United Kingdom, June 2003, p.10
[29] Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturano, A. and Dennison, P., op. cit.
[35] Robert Greenleaf, “Servant as Leader”. Magna Publishing Co. Ltd. Magna House 100/E Old Prabhadevi Road Prabhadevi Mumbai : 400025 Maharashtra ,India .April 2003, p. 36
[36] Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturano, A. and Dennison, P., “A Review of Leadership Theory and Competency Frameworks”, University of Exeter, Crossmead, Barley Lane, Dunsford Hill, Exeter EX4 1TF, United Kingdom, June 2003, p.11
[37] Richard Bolden, “What is Leadership?”- Leadership South West Research Report 1, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4ST, United Kingdom, July 2004, p. 19
[38] Hebrews 11:1
[40] Hebrews 11:5
[48] Hebrews 12:1-3
Biblical Leaders - Seminar 
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September 18, 2014 at 10:54 pm